Global water usage and resources
Global water demand is increasing sharply. One in nine people do not have access to clean water. That’s about 800 million people....Read More
Water Alkalinity
Alkalinity is the ability of the water to neutralize acidity. It refers to the presence of carbonates (CO32-), bicarbonates (HCO3–) and hydroxides...Read More
Water disinfection
Water disinfection refers to the inactivation of microorganisms that are pathogenic to humans, animals or plants. Inactivation involves destroying essential structures or...Read More
Water treatment
The water treatment process is comprised of a series of steps to remove or minimize impurities from water and make the water...Read More
Rapid sand filtration
In urban areas the slow sand filter simply occupies too much space. Therefore, rapid sand filtration has been developed and has become...Read More
Ion exchange
Ion exchange is a water treatment process used to remove undesirable ions from water and replace them with other, desirable ions. The...Read More
Activated sludge – primary Control parameters
Three major control parameters are used in the activated sludge process: F:M ratio (Food:Microorganisms ratio), CRT (Cell Residence Time) and RAS flow...Read More
The Activated Sludge Process
The primary treatment cannot remove all dissolved and fine colloidal organic matter. Therefore, a biological treatment is required for removing those remaining...Read More
Wastewater treatment
Wastewater treatment is a multi-stage water treatment, in which wastewater is cleaned before it is: Discharged to a body of water. Used...Read More
Irrigation water quality
The quality and composition of the irrigation water may affect plant development, soil structure and the irrigation system itself. Irrigation water quality...Read More