Ion exchange
Ion exchange is a water treatment process used to remove undesirable ions from water and replace them with other, desirable ions. The... Read More
Copper in plants
Copper is an essential plant nutrient, classified as a micronutrient. It has a role in various important processes in plants. For example:... Read More
Manganese in plants and soil
Manganese is an essential plant micronutrient . It is absorbed by plants as Mn2+. Manganese is an immobile nutrient and, therefore, deficiency... Read More
Grapevine – Nutrient uptake and tissue analysis
The below nutrient uptake data of grapevines is based on an analysis of the different studies and research works. The nutrient uptake... Read More
Activated sludge – primary Control parameters
Three major control parameters are used in the activated sludge process: F:M ratio (Food:Microorganisms ratio), CRT (Cell Residence Time) and RAS flow... Read More
Using soil moisture sensors for irrigation management
There are two main types of soil sensors used in agriculture to measure the availability of water to plants. Sensors that... Read More
Irrigation and fertilization of apple orchards
IRRIGATION OF APPLES Irrigation of apples should be managed according to growth stages. The main growth stages are: Budbreak-flowering Beginning of rapid... Read More
Unit conversions tables
Nutrient form conversions Nutrient concentration units Fertilizer rates units From To Multiply by kg/ha (kilograms per hectare) lb/ac (pounds... Read More
How to calculate nutrient solution formulas
A nutrient solution is the mix of irrigation water with added nutrients. It is mainly used in soilless culture and hydroponics, where... Read More
How to Conduct Effective Soil Testing
Soil testing is a key tool in fertilizer management. It minimizes guesswork and helps reduce environmental pollution. When done and utilized properly,... Read More